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In writing and in speech, we will often include information that further specifies or identifies what we are communicating: Caleb's son, Richard Jane Doe, the mayor Linus, Lucy's brother When we include this extra information, we are using what is known in grammar as apposition. We also refer to these additional details as appositives. Apposition …

A big drawback to a column like this is being perceived as having insufferable attitude: “So, Mr. Expert, I guess you think you’re so superior.” It’s not like that. Word nerds do custodial work. A lot of brilliant people can’t write. Ernest Hemingway was a terrible speller. Word nerds don’t think they’re “better”—do janitors think …

A big drawback to a column like this is being perceived as having insufferable attitude: “So, Mr. Expert, I guess you think you’re so superior.” It’s not like that. Word nerds do custodial work. A lot of brilliant people can’t write. Ernest Hemingway was a terrible speller. Word nerds don’t think they’re “better”—do janitors think …

The definition of an appositive is a word or word group that defines or further identifies the noun or noun phrase preceding it. Rule: When an appositive is essential to the meaning of the noun it belongs to, don’t use commas. When the noun preceding the appositive provides sufficient identification on its own, use commas …

Imagine for a moment if current English had expressions such as these: Raymond has been looking for notebook. Does Busara have shoe? The baseball team will not board plane. Aside from sounding primitive, these sentences leave us with potentially incomplete information. For example, in the first sentence, has Raymond been looking for any notebook or …

What do you think when you read the following paragraph? Jameson stood far back in the alley. Jameson lit Jameson's cigarette and drew on the cigarette, making the cigarette crackle and glow in the dark, lighting part of Jameson's face. You see a scene is developing. As it is, you may begin to notice the …

Writing, at its most basic level, is the use of symbols such as letters, words, and punctuation to express thoughts, ideas, or information in a visible or readable form. It is the transmission of our mind's contents to others across space and time through a system they can apply for receipt. Writing can be descriptive, …

English includes two primary groups of letters and sounds. One group is the consonants. We make the consonant sounds by changing and restricting airflow in our mouth or nose as we speak, such as with our teeth, tongue, or lips. The other group is the vowels. We produce vowel sounds with unrestricted airflow shaped mainly …

Our English language—or any language, for that matter—incorporates arrangements of sounds that shape our thoughts into spoken expressions we understand. Our two main sounds are vowels and consonants. Vowels are the sounds we make with an open vocal tract (no major blockage of airflow). Consonants are those we make by partially or completely blocking our …

Language gives us the system to fashion our thoughts into understood expressions. To achieve that, it arranges single-unit characters (letters) into larger units (words) with meanings we assign. We depend on language sounds for our understanding of it just as well. Whether heard by our outer ears or the inner ones in our mind, language …