{"id":5539,"date":"2021-10-20T06:00:11","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T11:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/?p=5539"},"modified":"2021-10-29T16:08:33","modified_gmt":"2021-10-29T21:08:33","slug":"lawsuits-missing-apostrophe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/apostrophes\/lawsuits-missing-apostrophe\/","title":{"rendered":"Lawsuits and the Missing Apostrophe"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>For some people, punctuation in English might be a fuss over details. For others, it provides vital markers for clear, precise, and eloquent writing.<\/p>\n<p>For yet others, a missing apostrophe can represent a great expense.<\/p>\n<p>In October 2020, an Australian man claimed in a Facebook post that a real estate agent did not pay his \u201cemployees\u201d retirement funds, referring to an employer\u2019s contribution to Australia\u2019s retirement system, which includes super accounts for employees. A missing apostrophe in the post could now cost the man as the result of a legal dispute.<\/p>\n<p>Within the post, Anthony Zadravic of New South Wales appeared to accuse his former employer, Stuart Gan, of not paying retirement funds to all of the agency\u2019s personnel. In dispute is the specific reference to \u201cemployees\u201d:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cOh Stuart Gan!! Selling multi million $ homes in Pearl Beach but can\u2019t pay his employees superannuation\u2026.Shame on you Stuart!!! 2 yrs and still waiting!!!\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Less than 12 hours after the post was published, Mr. Zadravic deleted it; however, Mr. Gan was already aware of the message, and he filed a defamation suit against Zadravic.<\/p>\n<p>A judge in New South Wales has subsequently ruled that the lack of an apostrophe on the word \u201cemployees\u201d could be interpreted as a \u201csystematic pattern of conduct\u201d by Mr. Gan\u2019s agency rather than as an accusation involving one employee.<\/p>\n<p>On that basis, she has allowed the case to proceed, citing in her statement:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;\u200b\u200bThe difficulty for the plaintiff is the use of the word &#8217;employees&#8217; in the plural. To fail to pay one employee&#8217;s superannuation entitlement might be seen as unfortunate; to fail to pay some or all of them looks deliberate.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Apostrophe Basics<\/h2>\n<p>While we ponder how much a punctuation mark the size of a pinhead can cost, we can also review some fundamentals of the apostrophe.<\/p>\n<p>1) In English we use the apostrophe to indicate the possessive case, mark omissions in contracted words or numerals, and form certain plurals.<\/p>\n<table class=\"border\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><em>Brian\u2019s guitar <\/em>(the guitar owned by Brian)<\/td>\n<td><em>You shouldn\u2019t <\/em>(should not)<em> say that!<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>for Pete\u2019s sake <\/em>(for the sake of Pete)<\/td>\n<td><em>the class of <\/em><em>\u201987<\/em> (1987)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>today\u2019s agenda <\/em>(the agenda for today)<\/td>\n<td><em>Her g\u2019s look like q\u2019s.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>In the three examples in the left column, the apostrophe identifies ownership of an item or concept. Exceptions to using the apostrophe for possession are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/pronouns\/possessive-pronouns\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">possessive<\/a> pronouns and adjectives, which do not include the mark.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>The box is <u>hers<\/u>.<\/em> (not <em>hers\u2019<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p><em>Listen to <u>his<\/u> opinion.<\/em> (not <em>his\u2019<\/em>)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The first example in the right column uses an apostrophe to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/apostrophes\/contractions-in-english\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contract<\/a> two words. The second shortens a reference to a year with an apostrophe.<\/p>\n<p>In the last example, we include the apostrophe to create the plural of two lowercase letters. If we do not use an apostrophe, we risk losing clarity: <em>Her gs look like qs.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This becomes even more likely if the letters are vowels: <em>Her is look like as. <\/em>In some cases, we might distinguish the singular letter from its plural by italicizing it: <em>Her <\/em>i<em>s look like <\/em>a<em>s. <\/em>However, one can still see how this might cause confusion.<\/p>\n<p>Some writers might also use an apostrophe to make the plural of words that are not typically nouns: <em>Here are some should\u2019s and shouldn\u2019ts to follow. <\/em>Such treatment is usually a matter of writer style and preference.<\/p>\n<p>2) Apostrophes can help communicate nuance of meaning. Compare the following pairs of phrases:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>this morning\u2019s news \/ the morning news<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>the student\u2019s idea \/ the student idea<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In the first pair, the apostrophe is the difference between the news on one particular morning and the news of the morning as a general reference or category.<\/p>\n<p>In the second pair, the apostrophe differentiates an idea formed by one particular student from an idea with a more-general association to a nonspecific student (i.e., it could be an idea formed by any student).<\/p>\n<p>3) Apostrophes help distinguish joint and separate possession.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>New York and New Jersey\u2019s policy<\/em> (the policy belongs to both states together)<\/p>\n<p><em>New York\u2019s and New Jersey\u2019s policy<\/em> (the policy, or a policy, belongs to each state separately)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In the case of the second example (<em>New York&#8217;s and New Jersey&#8217;s<\/em>), context may often determine whether to use the singular &#8220;policy&#8221; or plural &#8220;policies.&#8221; If the states have a similar policy about an issue but do not share it jointly, the singular &#8220;policy&#8221; could be the proper reference. If the context discusses different policies in the two states, the plural &#8220;policies&#8221; would typically be the correct noun.<\/p>\n<p>4) Apostrophes can sometimes be used in a plural noun that modifies another noun. Much of whether the apostrophe is included can depend on the intended meaning.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>drivers license<\/em> (a license for all drivers as a category)<\/p>\n<p><em>driver\u2019s license<\/em> (a license held by the individual operating a vehicle)<\/p>\n<p><em>drivers\u2019 license<\/em> (a license possessed commonly by all vehicle operators)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In making distinctions, we want to be sure we maintain logic by placing the apostrophe correctly.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>the board of directors\u2019 decision<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>the board of director\u2019s decision<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Most can safely argue that a board will include more than one director.<\/p>\n<h3>Related Topics<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/punctuation\/apostro.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apostrophes<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/effective-writing\/apostrophes-and-false-possessives\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apostrophes and False Possessives<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/apostrophes\/apostrophes-not-always-possessive\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apostrophes: Not Always Possessive<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Pop Quiz<\/h2>\n<p>Using what you understand about apostrophes, make the correct choice in each sentence.<\/p>\n<p>1. The [Bears and Packers\u2019 \/ Bears\u2019 and Packers\u2019] jerseys are different colors.<\/p>\n<p>2. Before we leave the restaurant, I\u2019m going to go to the [lady\u2019s room \/ ladies\u2019 room] to powder my nose.<\/p>\n<p>3. The [employee\u2019s \/ employees\u2019] pension system is funded by employers.<\/p>\n<p>4. Beth often decides what to wear by reviewing each [evening \/ evening\u2019s] weather report.<\/p>\n<p>5. The Chakrabartis let us know that the two kites in the tree are [theirs \/ theirs\u2019].<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Pop Quiz Answers<\/h3>\n<p>1. The <strong>Bears\u2019 and Packers\u2019<\/strong> jerseys are different colors.<\/p>\n<p>2. Before we leave the restaurant, I\u2019m going to go to the <strong>ladies\u2019 room<\/strong> to powder my nose.<\/p>\n<p>3. The <strong>employees\u2019<\/strong> pension system supplements other retirement investments.<\/p>\n<p>4. Beth often decides what to wear by reviewing each <strong>evening\u2019s<\/strong> weather report.<\/p>\n<p>5. The Chakrabartis let us know that the two kites in the tree are <strong>theirs<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For some people, punctuation in English might be a fuss over details. For others, it provides vital markers for clear, precise, and eloquent writing. For yet others, a missing apostrophe can represent a great expense. In October 2020, an Australian man claimed in a Facebook post that a real estate agent did not pay his [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5539","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-apostrophes"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5539"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5539"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5539\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5568,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5539\/revisions\/5568"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5539"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5539"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5539"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}