{"id":2852,"date":"2018-08-21T23:00:27","date_gmt":"2018-08-22T05:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/?p=2852"},"modified":"2024-01-29T12:12:12","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T18:12:12","slug":"punctuating-compounds-that-precede","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/definitions\/punctuating-compounds-that-precede\/","title":{"rendered":"Hyphenated Compound Words"},"content":{"rendered":"

It’s enough to drive even the most exacting writers, proofers, and editors a little batty sometimes: More than one descriptive word precedes a noun, forming what we call a\u00a0compound modifier.<\/em>\u00a0Do we need to hyphenate the words, or are they well enough left alone? What if we have two words modifying another word and all three describe the same noun, creating a package that begs for punctuation?<\/p>\n

Sometimes the solution is simple, as we’ve covered in our hyphen rules.\u00a0Rule 1<\/a>\u00a0advises hyphenating two or more words acting as a single idea when they come before a noun (late-arriving train, ne’er-do-well teenager, one-of-a-kind invention<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Exceptions to this rule are compound modifiers that include adverbs such as\u00a0much<\/em> and\u00a0very<\/em> as well as any\u00a0-ly<\/em>\u00a0adverb (much maligned administrator, very good cake, easily remembered song<\/em>).<\/p>\n

We also wouldn’t hyphenate a compound that’s an obvious unit such as most proper nouns (Social Security check<\/em>) and foreign expressions (quid pro quo exchange<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Open Compound: Hyphen or No Hyphen?<\/h2>\n

When a two-word descriptor takes the form of a compound noun (e.g.,\u00a0real estate, high school, sales tax<\/em>), hyphenation becomes a matter of preference. Some writers and editors identify the compound nouns as clearly understood units while others still hyphenate them to maintain stylistic consistency and remove any chance of confusion.<\/p>\n

Examples:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

real estate advisor<\/em> vs.\u00a0real-estate advisor<\/em><\/p>\n

high school dance<\/em> vs.\u00a0high-school dance<\/em><\/p>\n

sales tax increase<\/em> vs.\u00a0sales-tax increase<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In Rule 5 of\u00a0Hyphens<\/a>, we also emphasize including a hyphen with a compound modifier anytime omitting one could lead to ambiguity.<\/p>\n

Potentially misaimed:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Springfield has little town charm.<\/em>\u00a0(If we omit the hyphen, we’re suggesting Springfield lacks appeal. Is that what we want to say?)<\/p>\n

Clearer with hyphen:<\/em> <\/strong>Springfield has little-town charm.<\/em>\u00a0(The punctuation establishes that Springfield has the charm of a small, cozy town.)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Potentially misaimed:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0That is a fast running machine.<\/em>\u00a0(Is it a machine that runs fast, or a running machine [i.e., a treadmill] that operates faster than others?)<\/p>\n

Clearer with hyphen:<\/em> <\/strong>That is a fast-running machine.<\/em> (a machine that runs fast)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Open Compound: Hyphen or En Dash?<\/h2>\n

The guidelines thus far help define and apply hyphenation of preceding descriptors. The next question concerns what to do when we run into phrases such as\u00a0stippling technique influenced painter<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0apple orchard scented candle.<\/em><\/p>\n

If we employ basic hyphenation, we wind up with phrases such as\u00a0stippling-technique-influenced painter<\/em> and\u00a0apple-orchard-scented candle.<\/em> While such punctuation can be acceptable, it can also be unsightly and distracting. Some editors feel it muddles phrasal components of careful writing.<\/p>\n

To solve this, some style guides turn to the en dash, which is longer than the hyphen and shorter than the em dash. We have explored the mark in En Dash: What Is an En Dash?<\/a> The article points out that many daily publications do not use the en dash for compound descriptors. Conversely, books and other formal publications will include it, although sparingly.<\/p>\n

In careful writing, the hyphen connects immediately related words (late-arriving train, little-town charm<\/em>). The en dash more clearly identifies descriptive units within modifiers of three or more words when they include a compound noun. In\u00a0stippling technique influenced painter, stippling technique<\/em> is a compound noun modifying\u00a0influenced.<\/em> It therefore remains open (no punctuation); it is then connected as a multipart modifier to\u00a0influenced<\/em> with the en dash. In total, the three descriptive words complete the noun phrase\u00a0stippling technique\u2013influenced painter.<\/em><\/p>\n

If we write other mutations such as stippling technique-influenced painter and stippling-technique\u2013influenced painter<\/em>, <\/em>we compromise accurately marked word relationships and correct treatment of parts of speech. We also create traffic jams of punctuation.<\/p>\n

The same principles apply to\u00a0apple orchard\u2013scented candle.<\/em>\u00a0Apple orchard<\/em> is the compound noun left open to identify it as such. The en dash then connects the compound unit to\u00a0scented<\/em>\u00a0to complete the three-word modifier of\u00a0candle.<\/em><\/p>\n

In step with all of our grammatical principles, our aim is always precision and clarity. While you may not see them working together very often, further understanding the functions of the hyphen and the en dash will sharpen your mission to write with precision.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pop Quiz<\/h2>\n

In the following sentences, identify whether the italicized phrase would require a hyphen, an en dash, or no punctuation because it is a compound noun.<\/p>\n

1. The\u00a0expensive looking car<\/em>\u00a0must belong to one of those pro athletes over there.
\na. hyphen:\u00a0expensive-looking\u00a0car<\/em>
\nb. en dash:\u00a0expensive\u2013looking\u00a0car<\/em>
\nc. no punctuation:\u00a0expensive looking\u00a0car<\/em><\/p>\n

2. The\u00a0corn starch amended food<\/em>\u00a0is cheaper to produce but now lesser in protein.
\na. hyphen:\u00a0corn-starch amended food<\/em>
\nb. en dash:\u00a0corn starch\u2013amended food<\/em>
\nc. no punctuation:\u00a0corn starch amended food<\/em><\/p>\n

3. I’ve been waiting at the\u00a0train station<\/em>\u00a0for more than two hours.
\na. hyphen:\u00a0train-station<\/em>
\nb. en dash:\u00a0train\u2013station<\/em>
\nc. no punctuation:\u00a0train station<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pop Quiz Answers<\/h3>\n

1. a.<\/strong> The\u00a0expensive-looking\u00a0car<\/em> must belong to one of those pro athletes over there.
\nExplanation:\u00a0expensive-looking<\/em>\u00a0is a compound modifier of car<\/em>.<\/p>\n

2. b.<\/strong> The\u00a0corn starch\u2013amended food<\/em>\u00a0is cheaper to produce but now a lesser source of protein.
\nExplanation: the words\u00a0corn starch amended<\/em>\u00a0modify food, and\u00a0corn starch<\/em>\u00a0is a compound noun describing\u00a0amended<\/em>.<\/p>\n

3. c.<\/strong> I’ve been waiting at the\u00a0train station<\/em>\u00a0for more than two hours.
\nExplanation:\u00a0train station<\/em>\u00a0is a compound noun not modifying another word.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

It’s enough to drive even the most exacting writers, proofers, and editors a little batty sometimes: More than one descriptive word precedes a noun, forming what we call a\u00a0compound modifier.\u00a0Do we need to hyphenate the words, or are they well enough left alone? What if we have two words modifying another word and all three […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,38,10,12,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives-adverbs","category-dashes","category-definitions","category-effective-writing","category-hyphens"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2852"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2852"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6828,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2852\/revisions\/6828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.grammarbook.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}