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| Rule 1. |
Who refers to people. That and which refer to groups or things. |
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Examples: |
Anya is the one who rescued the bird. |
| Lokua is on the team that won first place. |
| She belongs to an organization that specializes in saving endangered species. |
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| Rule 2. |
That introduces essential clauses while which introduces nonessential clauses. |
| Examples: |
I do not trust products that claim "all natural ingredients" because this phrase can mean almost anything. |
| We would not know which products were being discussed without the that clause. |
| The product claiming "all natural ingredients," which appeared in the Sunday newspaper, is on sale. |
| The product is already identified. Therefore, which begins a nonessential clause. |
| NOTE: |
Essential clauses do not have commas surrounding them while nonessential clauses are surrounded by commas. |
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| Rule 3. |
If this, that, these, or those has already introduced an essential clause, you may use which to introduce the next clause, whether it is essential or nonessential. |
| Examples: |
That is a decision which you must live with for the rest of your life. |
| Those ideas, which we've discussed thoroughly enough, do not need to be addressed again. |
| NOTE: |
Often, you can streamline your sentence by leaving out which. |
| Example: |
That is a decision which you must live with for the rest of your life. |
| Better: |
That is a decision you must live with for the rest of your life. |
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